Theory of photospheric emission from relativistic outflows

In this paper we reexamine the optical depth of ultrarelativistic spherically symmetric outflows and reevaluate the photospheric radius for each model during both the acceleration and coasting phases. It is shown that for both the wind and the shell models there are two asymptotic solutions for the optical depth during the coasting phase of the outflow. In particular we show that quite counterintuitively a geometrically thin shell may appear as a thick wind for photons propagating inside it. For this reason we introduce notions of photon thick and photon thin outflows, which appear more general and better physically motivated with respect to winds and shells. Photosphere of relativistic outflow is a dynamic surface. We study its geometry and find that the photosphere of photon thin outflow has always a convex shape, while in the photon thick one it is initially convex (there is always a photon thin layer in any outflow) and then it becomes concave asymptotically approaching the photosphere of an infinitely long wind. We find that both instantaneous and time integrated observed spectra are very close to the thermal one for photon thick outflows, in line with existing studies. It is our main finding that the photospheric emission from the photon thin outflow produces non thermal time integrated spectra, which may be described by the Band function well known in the GRB literature. We find that energetic GRBs should produce photon thin outflows with photospheric emission lasting less than one second for the total energy $E_0\leq10^{54}$ erg and baryonic loading parameter $B\leq10^{-2}$. It means that only time integrated spectra may be observed from such GRBs.Comment: Revision of the previous version, new effect is discussed. Conclusions remain unchange

The financial stress index: identification of systemic risk conditions

This paper develops a financial stress index for the United States, the Cleveland Financial Stress Index (CFSI), which provides a continuous signal of financial stress and broad coverage of the areas that could indicate it. The index is based on daily public-market data collected from four sectors of the fi nancial markets—the credit, foreign exchange, equity, and interbank markets. A dynamic weighting method is employed to capture changes in the relative importance of these four sectors as they occur. In addition, the design of the index allows the origin of the stress to be identified. We compare the CFSI to alternative indexes, using a detailed benchmarking methodology, and show how the CFSI can be applied to systemic stress monitoring and early warning system design. To that end, we investigate alternative stress-signaling thresholds and frequency regimes and then establish optimal frequencies for filtering out market noise and idiosyncratic episodes. Finally, we quantify a powerful CFSI-based rating system that assigns a probability of systemic stress to ranges of CFSI outcomes.Systemic risk ; Risk assessment

GRB 090227B: the missing link between the genuine short and long GRBs

The time-resolved spectral analysis of GRB090227B, made possible by the Fermi-GBM data, allows to identify in this source the missing link between the genuine short and long GRBs. Within the Fireshell model [...] we predict genuine short GRBs: bursts with the same inner engine of the long bursts but endowed with a severely low value of the Baryon load, B<~5x10^{-5}. A first energetically predominant emission occurs at the transparency of the e+e- plasma, the Proper-GRB (P-GRB), followed by a softer emission, the extended afterglow. The typical separation between the two emissions is expected to be [...] 10^{-3}-10^{-2}s. We identify the P-GRB [...] in the first 96ms of emission, where a thermal component with [...] kT=(517+/-28)keV and a flux comparable with the non thermal part of the spectrum is observed. This non thermal component as well as the subsequent emission, where there is no evidence for a thermal spectrum, is identified with the extended afterglow. We deduce a theoretical cosmological redshift z=1.61+/-0.14. We then derive the total energy E^{tot}_{e+e-}=(2.83+/-0.15)x10^{53}erg, [...] B=(4.13+/-0.05)x10^{-5}, the Lorentz factor at transparency \Gamma_tr=(1.44+/-0.01)x10^4, and the intrinsic duration \Delta t'~0.35s. We also determine the average density of the CircumBurst Medium (CBM), =(1.90+/-0.20)x10^{-5} #/cm^3. There is no evidence of beaming in the system. In view of the energetics and of the Baryon load of the source, as well as of the low interstellar medium and of the intrinsic time scale of the signal, we identify the GRB progenitor as a binary neutron star. From the recent progress in the theory of neutron stars, we obtain masses of the stars m_1=m_2=1.34M_Sun and their corresponding radii R_1=R_2=12.24km and thickness of their crusts ~0.47km, consistent with the above values of the Baryon load, of the energetics and of the time duration of the event.Comment: 14 pages, 14 figures, new version with some updated references, matching the one actually appeared on Ap

ANABOLIC-ANDROGENIC STEROIDS SIGNALING

Androgens exert their effects on various parts of the body, including muscles, bones, hair follicles in the skin, liver and kidney, reproductive, hematic, immune and nervous systems. The effects are modulated by specific cellular "steroid-converting" enzymes, located inside target tissues. All the anabolic steroids currently used are derivates of testosterone or changes of its structure. The most important esterified forms of testosterone include the propionate, cipionate, enhantate and undecanoate ones. The mechanism of action of AAS has not been fully elucidated and it is currently subject of many studies. Several mechanism of action have been proposed to identify the path activated by AAS. Some, like oximetholone, does not bind the androgen receptors: it is assumed that these steroids act after a biological transformation into more active compounds. The 5 alpha-reductase, for example, plays a central role in their mechanism of action; on the other hand, aromatase is responsible for the conversion of AAS in female sex hormones such as estradiol and estrone, which bind to the estrogen receptor, forming estrogen-receptor complex. Steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) are members of the superfamily of nuclear and steroid receptors. In particolar, the functions of the androgen receptors (hAR) involving transciption factors are generally regulated by specific steroid ligands, that is androgens and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs)

Biophysical characterization of the outer membrane polysaccharide export protein and the polysaccharide co-polymerase protein from Xanthomonas campestris

This study investigated the structural and biophysical characteristics of GumB and GumC, two Xanthomonas campestris membrane proteins that are involved in xanthan biosynthesis. Xanthan is an exopolysaccharide that is thought to be a virulence factor that contributes to bacterial in planta growth. It also is one of the most important industrial biopolymers. The first steps of xanthan biosynthesis are well understood, but the polymerization and export mechanisms remain unclear. For this reason, the key proteins must be characterized to better understand these processes. Here we characterized, by biochemical and biophysical techniques, GumB, the outer membrane polysaccharide export protein, and GumC, the polysaccharide co-polymerase protein of the xanthan biosynthesis system. Our results suggested that recombinant GumB is a tetrameric protein in solution. On the other hand, we observed that both native and recombinant GumC present oligomeric conformation consistent with dimers and higher-order oligomers. The transmembrane segments of GumC are required for GumC expression and/or stability. These initial results provide a starting point for additional studies that will clarify the roles of GumB and GumC in the xanthan polymerization and export processes and further elucidate their functions and mechanisms of action.Fil: Bianco, María Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Jacobs, Melisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Salinas, Silvina Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Salvay, Andrés Gerardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología; ArgentinaFil: Ielmini, M. V.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Ielpi, Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentin